Research reported in Nature Communications on 24 October 2026 examined links between sea-level change and biodiversity dynamics during the Cambrian SPICE e
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A 20 October 2026 Nature news report described a large fossil-data analysis that may change how scientists interpret some of Earth's major extinction inter
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Earth's lithosphere is divided into moving plates that interact at divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. These settings help explain the global d
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Radiometric dating estimates the age of suitable minerals by measuring the proportions of radioactive parent isotopes and their decay products. It provides
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Relative dating establishes the sequence of geological events without assigning an exact numerical age. It is a foundational skill because rocks often pres
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The rock cycle describes the transformations that connect igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It is not a fixed sequence: any rock can be uplifted,
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Permafrost is ground that remains at or below freezing for at least two consecutive years. It occurs in high-latitude and high-elevation regions, wher
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