A caldera is a broad volcanic depression formed when the ground collapses or subsides after a large volume of magma is withdrawn from a shallow reservoir.
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A river delta forms where a river enters a standing body of water and deposits sediment faster than waves, tides and currents can remove it. Deltas ar
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Alluvial fans are fan-shaped sediment deposits that form where streams emerge from confined valleys onto flatter terrain. They are common in arid and
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Karst landscapes develop where soluble rocks, especially limestone, are dissolved by water. Sinkholes, disappearing streams, springs and caves are sur
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Columnar basalt is a striking volcanic rock formation in which cooling lava is divided into long, polygonal columns. The geometry is natural: it devel
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A rock sample without reliable location and context loses much of its scientific value. Provenance links a specimen to the outcrop, geological unit an
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Good field geology begins with planning and respect for the site. Responsible observation protects people, geological features and the evidence that f
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Coastal fieldwork brings together sedimentology, geomorphology and ocean processes. Cliffs, beaches, dunes and tidal platforms preserve evidence of ch
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A river transect is a structured way to observe how channel form and sediment change from one bank to the other. It links visible landforms with the m
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Fossils are most informative when their geological context is recorded. The position of a fossil within a bed, its relationship to other fossils and t
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