Limestone and other carbonate rocks store a vast amount of carbon in Earth's crust. They form through biological production, chemical precipitation an
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Ocean acidification describes the long-term decrease in seawater pH as the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It is a chemical change i
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Rivers transport sediment of many sizes, from dissolved ions and fine clay to sand, gravel and large boulders. The material carried at a location depe
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Permafrost is ground that remains at or below freezing for at least two consecutive years. It occurs in high-latitude and high-elevation regions, wher
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The water cycle links the atmosphere, surface water, soil, groundwater and oceans. Geology influences where water infiltrates, how it is stored, and h
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Weathering breaks down or alters rock in place, whereas erosion removes and transports material. The processes often operate together, but separating
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Coastlines are dynamic boundaries shaped by waves, tides, currents, sediment supply and sea-level change. Erosion occurs when material is removed fast
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Soil develops where climate, organisms, topography, parent material and time interact. Its horizons preserve evidence of weathering, organic activity,
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Learn how aquifers store and transmit groundwater through pores, fractures and connected geological formations.
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The planet receives energy mainly from sunlight and loses energy back to space as infrared radiation. The balance between incoming and outgoing energy infl
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