Coastal fieldwork brings together sedimentology, geomorphology and ocean processes. Cliffs, beaches, dunes and tidal platforms preserve evidence of ch
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A river transect is a structured way to observe how channel form and sediment change from one bank to the other. It links visible landforms with the m
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Fossils are most informative when their geological context is recorded. The position of a fossil within a bed, its relationship to other fossils and t
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Bedding records the layering of sedimentary rocks and provides a reference for reconstructing how strata were deposited and later deformed. Its orient
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A geological map shows the distribution of rock units and structures at or near the Earth's surface. Its colours are not decoration: they represent ma
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A field notebook is more than a diary of a trip: it is the record that allows observations to be checked, compared and interpreted after the landscape
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Limestone and other carbonate rocks store a vast amount of carbon in Earth's crust. They form through biological production, chemical precipitation an
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Ocean acidification describes the long-term decrease in seawater pH as the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It is a chemical change i
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Rivers transport sediment of many sizes, from dissolved ions and fine clay to sand, gravel and large boulders. The material carried at a location depe
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Permafrost is ground that remains at or below freezing for at least two consecutive years. It occurs in high-latitude and high-elevation regions, wher
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